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Sunburn is a radiation injury, and like other burns it is graded by depth. Nearly all sunburn is superficial and resolves without treatment, but the distinction between a first-degree burn and a superficial partial-thickness burn with blistering changes both the care needed and the long-term skin cancer implication. Redness also lags exposure by hours, which is why the burn is usually already done by the time it is noticed.

Severity grades

The table describes how sunburn is classified clinically. Timing is part of the picture: erythema typically begins three to five hours after exposure, peaks at 12 to 24 hours, and settles over the following days.

• Peeling is a normal part of healing, not a sign that the burn was mistreated. It reflects the shedding of damaged keratinocytes.
• A burn that looks white, leathery or is painless suggests deeper injury than sunburn normally causes and needs assessment.

When sunburn needs medical attention

Most sunburn is managed at home. The situations below are the ones where waiting is the wrong choice, and they are worth knowing in advance because several of them develop over the day after exposure rather than immediately.

• Blistering over a large area, conventionally more than about 20 percent of the body surface.
• Fever, chills, confusion, fainting, severe headache or vomiting after sun exposure.
• Signs of infection in a blistered area: increasing pain, spreading redness, pus or a new fever after the first day.
• Sunburn in an infant under one year of age, which should always be assessed.
• Severe burn in anyone taking a photosensitising medication, or with a condition such as lupus that amplifies UV injury.
• Eye pain or gritty vision after intense exposure, which suggests photokeratitis of the cornea.

What actually helps, and what does not

Care is supportive: cool baths or compresses, a bland moisturiser or aloe while the skin is still damp, oral fluids because burnt skin loses water, and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory such as ibuprofen for pain, which also addresses the prostaglandin-driven inflammation directly. Blisters should be left intact, because the roof is a sterile dressing.

Several traditional remedies are actively unhelpful. Butter, oils and thick petroleum products trap heat in the skin. Topical anaesthetics ending in "-caine" commonly cause contact sensitisation. Ice applied directly can deepen the injury. And there is no treatment that reverses the DNA damage already done, which is why the long-term significance of a blistering sunburn, particularly in childhood, is a lasting increase in melanoma risk rather than anything about the healing itself.

Limites

• Severity grading is a clinical judgement based on appearance and symptoms. Photographs and charts cannot substitute for examining the skin.
• The visible burn underestimates the exposure, because redness peaks up to a day later. Skin that looks mildly pink in the evening may be markedly burnt by morning.
• Redness is harder to see on darker skin, so sunburn there is more easily underestimated. Tenderness, warmth and swelling are more reliable signs.
• This chart does not address chronic sun damage, actinic keratosis or the assessment of a suspicious mole, all of which need a dermatological examination.
• People taking photosensitising drugs or with photosensitive conditions burn at exposures the chart would call trivial.
• Any sunburn in an infant, or any burn with systemic symptoms, needs medical assessment rather than a self-care chart.

Questions fréquentes

How long does sunburn take to appear?

Redness usually begins three to five hours after exposure and peaks at 12 to 24 hours. This delay is why the burn is generally already done by the time it becomes visible, and why skin that looks mildly pink can be markedly burnt the next morning.

Should I pop sunburn blisters?

No. The blister roof acts as a sterile dressing and protects the healing skin underneath. Opening it raises the risk of infection and scarring. Leave blisters intact and cover them loosely if they are being rubbed.

What is sun poisoning?

It is a common term for severe sunburn with systemic symptoms such as fever, chills, nausea, headache or dizziness. It is not poisoning in any literal sense, but it does indicate a significant inflammatory and fluid response and warrants medical assessment.

Does aloe vera actually help?

It provides symptomatic cooling and moisturising and is reasonable to use on intact skin. It does not shorten healing or reverse the underlying DNA damage. Avoid products combining aloe with anaesthetics ending in "-caine", which commonly cause contact allergy.

Does one bad sunburn matter long term?

Yes. Blistering sunburns, particularly in childhood and adolescence, are associated with a lasting increase in melanoma risk. The healing itself is uneventful; the significance lies in the accumulated DNA damage.

Références

1. Guerra KC, Urban K, Crane JS. Sunburn. StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf.
2. MedlinePlus. Sunburn.
3. MedlinePlus. Burns.
4. US Food and Drug Administration. Sunscreen: How to Help Protect Your Skin from the Sun.